Artificial Intelligence
In computer science, Artificial intelligence (AI), sometimes called machine intelligence, is intelligence demonstrated by machines, in contrast to the natural intelligence displayed by humans and other animals. Computer science defines AI research as the study of "intelligent agents": any device that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chance of successfully achieving its goals. More in detail, Kaplan and Haenlein define AI as “a system’s ability to correctly interpret external data, to learn from such data, and to use those learnings to achieve specific goals and tasks through flexible adaptation”. Colloquially, the term "artificial intelligence" is applied when a machine mimics "cognitive" functions that humans associate with other human minds, such as "learning" and "problem solving".
The scope of AI is disputed: as machines become increasingly capable, tasks considered as requiring "intelligence" are often removed from the definition, a phenomenon known as the AI effect, leading to the quip in Tesler's Theorem, "AI is whatever hasn't been done yet." For instance, optical character recognition is frequently excluded from "artificial intelligence", having become a routine technology. Modern machine capabilities generally classified as AI include successfully understanding human speech, competing at the highest level in strategic game systems (such as chess and Go), autonomously operating cars, and intelligent routing in content delivery networks and military simulations.
Borrowing from the management literature, Kaplan and Haenlein classify artificial intelligence into three different types of AI systems: analytical, human-inspired, and humanized artificial intelligence. Analytical AI has only characteristics consistent with cognitive intelligence generating cognitive representation of the world and using learning based on past experience to inform future decisions. Human-inspired AI has elements from cognitive as well as emotional intelligence, understanding, in addition to cognitive elements, also human emotions considering them in their decision making. Humanized AI shows characteristics of all types of competencies (i.e., cognitive, emotional, and social intelligence), able to be self-conscious and self-aware in interactions with others.
Artificial intelligence was founded as an academic discipline in 1956, and in the years since has experienced several waves of optimism, followed by disappointment and the loss of funding (known as an "AI winter"), followed by new approaches, success and renewed funding. For most of its history, AI research has been divided into subfields that often fail to communicate with each other. These sub-fields are based on technical considerations, such as particular goals (e.g. "robotics" or "machine learning"), the use of particular tools ("logic" or artificial neural networks), or deep philosophical differences. Subfields have also been based on social factors (particular institutions or the work of particular researchers).
The traditional problems (or goals) of AI research include reasoning, knowledge representation, planning, learning, natural language processing, perception and the ability to move and manipulate objects. General intelligence is among the field's long-term goals. Approaches include statistical methods, computational intelligence, and traditional symbolic AI. Many tools are used in AI, including versions of search and mathematical optimization, artificial neural networks, and methods based on statistics, probability and economics. The AI field draws upon computer science, information engineering, mathematics, psychology, linguistics, philosophy, and many others.
The field was founded on the claim that human intelligence "can be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it". This raises philosophical arguments about the nature of the mind and the ethics of creating artificial beings endowed with human-like intelligence which are issues that have been explored by myth, fiction and philosophy since antiquity. Some people also consider AI to be a danger to humanity if it progresses unabated. Others believe that AI, unlike previous technological revolutions, will create a risk of mass unemployment.
In the twenty-first century, AI techniques have experienced a resurgence following concurrent advances in computer power, large amounts of data, and theoretical understanding; and AI techniques have become an essential part of the technology industry, helping to solve many challenging problems in computer science, software engineering and operations research.
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Matching Artificial Intelligence Colleges
Carnegie Mellon University
Four or more years; Private not for profit; $52,732 average out-state tuition; $52,732 average in-state tuition |
University of Pennsylvania
Four or more years; Private not for profit; $47,416 average out-state tuition; $47,416 average in-state tuition |
University of Washington-Seattle Campus
Four or more years; Public; $34,473 average out-state tuition; $9,909 average in-state tuition |
Brandeis University
Four or more years; Private not for profit; $51,460 average out-state tuition; $51,460 average in-state tuition |
Full Sail University
Four or more years; Private for profit; $19,929 average out-state tuition; $19,929 average in-state tuition |
University of Southern California
Four or more years; Private not for profit; $53,448 average out-state tuition; $53,448 average in-state tuition |
University of Georgia
Four or more years; Public; $28,126 average out-state tuition; $9,552 average in-state tuition |
Scholarships for Artificial Intelligence Majors
Edith Nourse Rogers STEM ScholarshipU.S. Department of Veterans Affairs |
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award Up to $30,000 |
deadline Varies |
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Max Christianson Division of Business and Computer Science ScholarshipUnion College, Nebraska |
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award $25,000 |
deadline Varies |
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NCK Tech Kansas Promise ScholarshipNorth Central Kansas Technical College |
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award Up to $20,000 |
deadline Varies |
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Code Platoon Veteran and Spouse ScholarshipCode Platoon |
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award Up to $15,500 |
deadline Varies |
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Code Platoon MilSpouse Coders ScholarshipCode Platoon |
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award Up to $15,500 |
deadline Varies |
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SOLV Energy Women in Solar ScholarshipSolar Energy International (SEI) |
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award $10,000 |
deadline Varies |
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TMCF | PPG Foundation ScholarshipThurgood Marshall College Fund |
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award Up to $10,000 |
deadline March 27, 2023 |
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Lockheed Martin STEM ScholarshipLockheed Martin |
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award $10,000 |
deadline March 31, 2023 |
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S-Cubed ScholarshipWestminster College, Utah |
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award $8,000 |
deadline Varies |
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ITWomen Scholarship ProgramITWomen Charitable Foundation |
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award $8,000 |
deadline March 28, 2023 |
Artificial Intelligence Related Majors
- Computer Science
- Computer and Information Sciences
- Computer Programming
- Information Technology
- Computer/Information Technology Administration and Management
- Web Page, Digital/Multimedia and Information Resources Design
- Computer Graphics
- Computer Systems Networking and Telecommunications
- Computer and Information Systems Security/Auditing/Information Assurance
- Computer Software and Media Applications
- Information Science/Studies
- Web/Multimedia Management and Webmaster
- Information Technology Project Management
- Data Modeling/Warehousing and Database Administration
- Network and System Administration/Administrator
- Computer Support Specialist
- Data Processing and Data Processing Technology/Technician
- Informatics
- Data Entry/Microcomputer Applications
- Computer Game Programming